Ibhethri le-lithium-ion noma ibhethri le-Li-ion (elifushanisiwe njenge-LIB) liwuhlobo lwebhethri elishajekayo.Amabhethri e-lithium-ion ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo nezimoto zikagesi futhi akhula ngokuduma kwezempi kanye nezicelo ze-aerospace.Ibhethri ye-Li-ion eyisibonelo yasungulwa ngu-Akira Yoshino ngo-1985, ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwangaphambili luka-John Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, u-Rachid Yazami kanye no-Koichi Mizushima ngeminyaka yawo-1970s-1980s, kwase kuthi ibhethri ye-Li-ion yezohwebo yathuthukiswa Ithimba le-Sony ne-Asahi Kasei eliholwa ngu-Yoshio Nishi ngo-1991. Ngo-2019, uMklomelo KaNobel kuKhemistry wanikezwa u-Yoshino, uGoodenough, noWhittingham "ngokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium ion".

Emabhethrini, ama-ion e-lithium asuka ku-electrode engeyinhle nge-electrolyte aye ku-electrode ephozithivu ngesikhathi ephuma, futhi abuyele emuva lapho eshaja.Amabhethri e-Li-ion asebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-lithium exubene njengento etholakala ku-electrode ephozithivu futhi ngokuvamile igraphite ku-electrode eyinegethivu.Amabhethri anomthamo omkhulu wamandla, awekho umthelela wenkumbulo (ngaphandle kwamaseli e-LFP) kanye nokuzikhulula okuphansi.Nokho, zingaba yingozi yezokuphepha njengoba ziqukethe ama-electrolyte avuthayo, futhi uma wonakalisiwe noma ashajwe ngokungeyikho kungaholela ekuqhumeni nemililo.AbakwaSamsung baphoqeleka ukuthi bakhumbule izingcingo ze-Galaxy Note 7 kulandela ukusha kwe-lithium-ion, futhi kube nezigameko ezimbalwa ezibandakanya amabhethri ku-Boeing 787s.

Ikhemistri, ukusebenza, izindleko nezici zokuphepha ziyahlukahluka kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-LIB.Izinto zikagesi eziphathwa ngesandla ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium polymer (anejeli ye-polymer njenge-electrolyte) ane-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) njengento esetshenziswayo ye-cathode, enikeza ukuminyana okukhulu kwamandla, kodwa ethula izingozi zokuphepha, ikakhulukazi uma zonakalisiwe.I-Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), i-lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, noma i-LMO), kanye ne-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 noma i-NMC) zinikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuphansi kodwa ukuphila okude kanye namathuba amancane omlilo noma ukuqhuma.Amabhethri anjalo asetshenziswa kakhulu kumathuluzi kagesi, izinto zokwelashwa, nezinye izindima.I-NMC kanye nokuphuma kwayo kusetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni zikagesi.

Izindawo zocwaningo zamabhethri e-lithium-ion zihlanganisa ukwelula isikhathi sokuphila, ukwandisa ukuminyana kwamandla, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha, ukwehlisa izindleko, nokwenyusa isivinini sokushaja, phakathi kokunye.Ucwaningo seluqhutshwa endaweni yama-electrolyte angashi njengendlela yokwandisa ukuphepha ngokusekelwe ekushiseni nokuntengantenga kwezinyibilikisi zemvelo ezisetshenziswa ku-electrolyte evamile.Amasu ahlanganisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion anamanzi, ama-electrolyte e-ceramic aqinile, ama-polymer electrolyte, uketshezi lwe-ionic, namasistimu ane-fluorinated kakhulu.

Ibhethri ngokumelene neseli

Iseli iyunithi ye-electrochemical eyisisekelo equkethe ama-electrode, isihlukanisi, ne-electrolyte.

Ibhethri noma iphakethe lebhethri iqoqo lamaseli noma amaseli ahlanganisiwe, anezindlu, uxhumo lukagesi, futhi mhlawumbe nezinto zikagesi zokulawula nokuvikela.

Ama-electrode anode kanye ne-cathode
Kumaseli aphinde ashajwe, igama elithi anode (noma i-electrode eyinegethivu) lichaza i-electrode lapho i-oxidation yenzeka khona phakathi nomjikelezo wokuphuma;enye i-electrode i-cathode (noma i-electrode eqondile).Phakathi nomjikelezo wokushaja, i-electrode eqondile iba i-anode futhi i-electrode eyinegethivu iba i-cathode.Kumaseli amaningi e-lithium-ion, i-lithium-oxide electrode i-electrode eqondile;kumaseli e-titanate lithium-ion (LTO), i-lithium-oxide electrode iyi-electrode engemihle.

Umlando

Ingemuva

Ibhethri ye-Varta lithium-ion, Museum Autovision, Altlussheim, Germany
Amabhethri e-lithium ahlongozwa usokhemisi waseBrithani kanye nomamukeli kanye naye womklomelo kaNobel wekhemistri M. Stanley Whittingham, manje oseBinghamton University, ngenkathi esebenzela i-Exxon ngawo-1970.UWhittingham wasebenzisa i-titanium(IV) sulfide ne-lithium metal njengama-electrode.Kodwa-ke, leli bhethri le-lithium elishajekayo alisoze lenziwe lisebenze.I-Titanium disulfide bekuyisinqumo esingalungile, njengoba kufanele ihlanganiswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezivalwe ngokuphelele, futhi ibiza kakhulu (~$1,000 ngekhilogremu ngayinye ye-titanium disulfide impahla eluhlaza ngeminyaka yawo-1970s).Lapho ichayeke emoyeni, i-titanium disulfide isabela yenze izinhlanganisela ze-hydrogen sulfide, ezinephunga elingemnandi futhi ezinobuthi ezilwaneni eziningi.Ngenxa yalokhu, nezinye izizathu, u-Exxon wayeka ukuthuthukiswa kwebhethri le-lithium-titanium disulfide likaWhittingham.[28]Amabhethri anama-electrode e-metallic lithium ethule izinkinga zokuphepha, njengoba insimbi ye-lithium iphendulana namanzi, ikhiphe igesi ye-hydrogen evuthayo.Ngenxa yalokho, ucwaningo luye lwathuthukisa amabhethri lapho, esikhundleni se-lithium yensimbi, kukhona izinhlanganisela ze-lithium kuphela, ezikwazi ukwamukela nokukhulula ama-ion e-lithium.

Ukushintshashintsha okubuyiselekayo ku-graphite kanye nokuhlangana ku-cathodic oxides kwatholwa ngo-1974-76 ngu-JO Besenhard e-TU Munich.U-Besenhard uhlongoze ukusetshenziswa kwayo kumaseli e-lithium.Ukubola kwe-Electrolyte kanye nokuxubana kwe-solvent ku-graphite kube yizithiyo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ezinzima empilweni yebhethri.

Intuthuko

1973 - U-Adam Heller uhlongoze ibhethri ye-lithium thionyl chloride, esasetshenziswa emishinini yezokwelapha etshaliwe nasezinhlelweni zokuzivikela lapho kudingeka khona isikhathi seshelufu seminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20, ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, kanye/noma ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa asebenzayo ngokwedlulele.
1977 - USamr Basu ukhombise ukusebenzisana kwe-electrochemical kwe-lithium kugraphite eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania.Lokhu kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwe-lithium intercalated graphite electrode esebenzayo eBell Labs (LiC6) ukuze kuhlinzekwe enye indlela yebhethri ye-lithium metal electrode.
1979 - Besebenza ngamaqembu ahlukene, uNed A. Godshall et al., futhi, ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uJohn B. Goodenough (Oxford University) noKoichi Mizushima (Tokyo University), babonisa iseli ye-lithium ekwazi ukushajwa futhi enamandla kagesi ebangeni elingu-4 V kusetshenziswa i-lithium. I-cobalt dioxide (i-LiCoO2) njenge-electrode enhle nensimbi ye-lithium njenge-electrode engalungile.Lokhu okusha kunikeze okubalulekile kwe-electrode okunikeze amandla amabhethri e-lithium okuqala okuhweba.I-LiCoO2 iyinto ezinzile ye-electrode esebenza njengomnikeli we-lithium ion, okusho ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ne-negative electrode material ngaphandle kwe-lithium metal.Ngokuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zikagesi ezingezinhle nezilula ukuzibamba, i-LiCoO2 inike amandla amasistimu ebhethri aphinde ashajwe.Godshall et al.iphinde yahlonza inani elifanayo le-ternary compound lithium-transition metal-oxides njenge-spinel LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, LiMnO2, LiFeO2, LiFe5O8, ne-LiFe5O4 (futhi kamuva i-lithium-copper-oxide kanye nezinto ze-lithium-nickel-oxide cathode ngo-1985)
1980 - URachid Yazami ukhombise ukuhlehla kwe-electrochemical intercalation ye-lithium kugraphite, futhi wasungula i-lithium graphite electrode (anode).Ama-electrolyte e-organic atholakala ngaleso sikhathi ayezobola ngesikhathi sokushaja nge-electrode eyi-graphite negative.U-Yazami usebenzise i-electrolyte eqinile ukuze abonise ukuthi i-lithium ingase ihlanganiswe ngokubuyela emuva ku-graphite ngomshini we-electrochemical.Kusukela ngo-2011, i-electrode ye-graphite ye-Yazami kwakuyi-electrode esetshenziswa kakhulu kumabhethri e-lithium-ion ezentengiselwano.
I-electrode engalungile inomsuka wayo ku-PAS (i-polyacenic semiconductive material) etholwe ngu-Tokio Yamabe futhi kamuva ngu-Shjzukuni Yata ekuqaleni kwawo-1980.Imbewu yalobu buchwepheshe kwaba ukutholakala kwama-polymers conductive nguProfesa Hideki Shirakawa neqembu lakhe, futhi kungase kubonakale sengathi kuqale kubhethri ye-polyacetylene lithium ion eyakhiwe ngu-Alan MacDiarmid no-Alan J. Heeger et al.
1982 - Godshall et al.baklonyeliswe nge-US Patent 4,340,652 ngokusebenzisa i-LiCoO2 njengama-cathodes kumabhethri e-lithium, okusekelwe ku-Godshall's Stanford University Ph.D.dissertation kanye nokushicilelwa kwango-1979.
1983 - UMichael M. Thackeray, uPeter Bruce, uWilliam David, kanye noJohn Goodenough bakha i-manganese spinel njengento ye-cathode eshajwa ngokwentengiso yamabhethri e-lithium-ion.
1985 - U-Akira Yoshino wahlanganisa iseli le-prototype esebenzisa impahla ye-carbonaceous lapho ama-ion e-lithium ayengafakwa khona njenge-electrode eyodwa, kanye ne-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) njengenye.Lokhu kwathuthukisa ukuphepha ngendlela emangalisayo.I-LiCoO2 inike amandla ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni futhi yanika amandla ibhethri ye-lithium-ion yokuhweba.
1989 - U-Arumugam Manthiram noJohn B. Goodenough bathola isigaba se-polyanion yama-cathodes.Babonise ukuthi ama-electrode amahle aqukethe ama-polyanion, isb, ama-sulfate, akhiqiza ama-voltage aphezulu kunama-oxides ngenxa yomphumela we-polyanion.Lesi sigaba se-polyanion siqukethe izinto ezifana ne-lithium iron phosphate.

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